Category: 4. Physics

The general theory of plasmon-like radio frequency surface electromagnetic waves in lossy conductive media has been developed in¹⁰. The TM-polarized surface wave solutions of the macroscopic Maxwell equations in a geometry in which the medium is…

Physical model

To model Marangoni convection within a three-dimensional, cubic cavity under the influence of a magnetic field, a physical model was established, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The cubic cavity is configured with each side having a…

Previous research

In this study, a novel fully assembled aluminum alloy buckling-restrained brace configuration has been developed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a 100-ton MTS tension-compression actuator at the Structural…

Structural stabilities and magnetism

The Janus monolayer CaCoFeN₂ considered in this work was constructed via selective substitution of Co atoms in the upper atomic layer with Fe atoms, as shown in Fig. 1a. It has an orthorhombic lattice with…

Damage results

In this experiment, the LIDT is expressed as power per spot size (W/cm). In long pulse or CW regime, the laser damage is mainly caused by thermal effect. When the heat conduction outside the irradiation area is non-negligible, the…

Notations and terminology

Let (σ₀, σ₁, σ₂, σ₃) ≡ (I, X, Y, Z) denote single-qubit Pauli matrices. Let H denote the Hadamard gate. We call \({{\mathbb{P}}}_{n}^{X}\) the set of X-Pauli operators acting on n-qubits,

Data preprocessing

This section presents the preprocessing results used to create a clean and balanced dataset for training deep learning models in VP detection and captioning. Two datasets were employed: one from Mendeley and another from Kaggle,…

Photoinduced structural dynamics

Our sample consists of a coherently strained, monodomain BaTiO₃ (BTO) thin film, grown on a GdScO₃ (GSO) substrate, with a SrRuO₃ (SRO) bottom electrode sandwiched in between (see “Methods”). Under a…

Experimental setup

The experimental flume is divided into three sections: a reservoir to supply incoming grains, the flow region of interest, and an outflow region where grains leave the system and fall into a bucket. The length of the flow domain…

The fluorescence sensor was first tested in the laboratory to evaluate performance and to determine its detection capabilities for both fluorescent and non-fluorescent objects in the water. We also tested the fluorescence sensor in the ocean at…