Datasets
We selected three widely used public datasets for evaluation and validation experiments. The details of each dataset are as follows.
DeepGlobe: The DeepGlobe road extraction dataset includes images from Thailand, India, and Indonesia, with…

We selected three widely used public datasets for evaluation and validation experiments. The details of each dataset are as follows.
DeepGlobe: The DeepGlobe road extraction dataset includes images from Thailand, India, and Indonesia, with…

The LIBLO architecture is designed to enable secure and efficient management of smart NFTs using lightweight blockchain and encryption methods. Initially, the process begins with data collection, where IoT devices gather real-time…

This study utilizes two benchmark multimodal datasets, Twitter2015 and Twitter2017, for experimental validation. The Twitter2015 dataset comprises 5338 image-text pairs in total, with the training, validation, and…

This section presents and analyzes the experimental results obtained following the methodology described in Section “Methodology”. In addition, to carry out the experimental evaluation, all implementations were developed in Python v3.9 and…

Habiba, U., Xinbang, C. & Anwar, A. Do green technology innovations, financial development, and renewable energy use help to curb carbon emissions?. Renew. Energy 193, 1082–1093 (2022).
Umar,…

A total of 45 patients with breast tumors were included in the study, with a predominance of female patients (43/45, 95.6%) and only 2 male patients (4.4%). The mean age was 46.0 ± 12.2 years, ranging from 16 to 79…

With the progression in information sharing, multimedia content has gained significant interest among researchers. The rapid growth of multimedia transmission, both online and offline, creates a unique demand for security and privacy. Digital…

According to the dispersion relationship equation21, complex velocity can be expressed as:\(\omega\)
$$\frac{1}{{v({\varvec{r}};\omega )}}=\frac{1}{{{v_a}({\varvec{r}})}}\left( {1 -…

Research by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that road traffic accidents kill approximately 1.3 million people globally each year and result in $277 billion in economic losses1. Data from the U.S. National…

The proposed method is designed to integrate frequency-domain coefficients from the FCT with spatial-domain vessel entropy features, allowing the structural and anatomical characteristics of the OD to be captured. The methodology is divided into…