Category: 7. Maths

Dataset, hardware and software

In this study, the Breast Ultrasound Images Dataset medical data sets (BUSI)³⁸ is used, and it is publicly available for academic and research purposes through open-access repositories. The images were collected in…

XGBoost

XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) is a popular ensemble learning algorithm introduced by Chen and Guestrin²⁸. It has been extensively applied in various fields such as engineering²¹, medicine²⁹, and other domains¹⁷, becoming a preferred…

Accurate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions forecasting is essential for tackling environmental issues and directing sustainable policies, mainly in resource-dependent economies. In recent years, the need for accurate models that can forecast…

We have illustrated the hyperparameter values considered in training the ML models in Tables 2 and 3, representing MLP and CNN hyperparameters, respectively. For the range considered for MLP hyperparameters, the resulting number of combinations…

Time series changes in the MSAVI, NDVI and EVI from 2001 to 2020

Figure 2 shows the time series of the maximum, minimum and mean values of the MSAVI, NDVI and EVI for January 2001 to December 2020. All trend lines passed the significance test…

Mathematical modeling

The in-run phase takes place entirely on the in-run track. According to the International Ski Federation’s regulations on the construction of ski jumping hills, the in-run track is designed to consist of a long straight…

Experimental settings

Datasets

To demonstrate the proposed EGS’s effectiveness and scalability, we conduct extensive experiments on five datasets, including the citation networks dataset³⁴ (Cora, Citeseer and Pubmed) and the Amazon dataset³⁵…

EBM with non-Gaussian noise

Based on the Central Limit Theorem, the normalized grayscale histogram of many images can be viewed as one-dimensional Gaussian distributions or Gaussian Mixtures¹⁵. There exists a baseline density such as a…

Overview

Figure 4 illustrates the overall framework of the proposed Tibetan painting sketch extraction method, DiffusionSketch. Addressing the complexity of Tibetan painting images, we propose a sketch extraction method based on Diffusion…

Diabetic retinopathy detection framework

As depicted in Fig. 3, the Guided Progressive Multi-scale KL-Ensemble Network (GPMKLE-Net) is introduced as an innovative framework specifically tailored for the multi-class classification of diabetic…