Cerium oxide nanoparticles alleviate drought stress in apple seedlings by regulating ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense, gene expression, and phytohormone balance

Chlorophyll fluorescence

Based on the results, the highest amount of Fm was observed in the control and the treatment of 100 mg/L CeO₂ NPs at the no stress level, and the lowest amount was observed in CeO₂ NPs treatment at the stress level of 25%…